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114 台綜大微積分 B 第 4 題

考題 / 轉學考微積分 / 台綜大 / 微積分 B

114學年度 · 114微積分B · 第 4 題

題目

Problem

Evaluate the following definite integral:

\int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + 3}} \,\mathrm{d}x = \underline{\quad\text{見解答}\quad}. \quad (10\%) (4) $\underline{\quad\text{見解答}\quad}$.

解答

解法一

思路

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  1. 本題要求計算含有根式 x2+a2\sqrt{x^2+a^2} 的定積分,此處 a=3a = \sqrt{3}
  2. 這是最經典的三角代換法 (Trigonometric Substitution)
    • 當遇到 x2+a2\sqrt{x^2+a^2} 時,令 x=atanθx = a \tan\theta
    • 此處令 x=3tanθ    dx=3sec2θdθx = \sqrt{3}\tan\theta \implies \mathrm{d}x = \sqrt{3}\sec^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta
  3. 根式部分簡化為: x2+3=3tan2θ+3=3secθ\sqrt{x^2+3} = \sqrt{3\tan^2\theta + 3} = \sqrt{3}\sec\theta
  4. 積分項化為: 13secθ3sec2θdθ=secθdθ=lnsecθ+tanθ\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}\sec\theta} \cdot \sqrt{3}\sec^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta = \int \sec\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta = \ln|\sec\theta + \tan\theta|
  5. 對應變更積分上下限,代入求值。

答題過程

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我們使用三角代換法,令:

x=3tanθ    dx=3sec2θdθx = \sqrt{3}\tan\theta \implies \mathrm{d}x = \sqrt{3}\sec^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta

同時轉換積分上下限:

  • x=0    3tanθ=0    θ=0x = 0 \implies \sqrt{3}\tan\theta = 0 \implies \theta = 0
  • x=1    3tanθ=1    tanθ=13    θ=π6x = 1 \implies \sqrt{3}\tan\theta = 1 \implies \tan\theta = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \implies \theta = \frac{\pi}{6}

將變數代入根式:

x2+3=3tan2θ+3=3tan2θ+1=3secθ\sqrt{x^2 + 3} = \sqrt{3\tan^2\theta + 3} = \sqrt{3}\sqrt{\tan^2\theta + 1} = \sqrt{3}\sec\theta

代回原定積分中:

011x2+3dx=0π613secθ(3sec2θdθ)=0π6secθdθ=[lnsecθ+tanθ]0π6=lnsec(π6)+tan(π6)lnsec(0)+tan(0)\begin{align*} \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + 3}} \,\mathrm{d}x =&\, \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{6}} \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}\sec\theta} \cdot \left( \sqrt{3}\sec^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta \right) \\[4mm] =&\, \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{6}} \sec\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta \\[4mm] =&\, \Big[ \ln|\sec\theta + \tan\theta| \Big]_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{6}} \\[4mm] =&\, \ln\left| \sec\left(\frac{\pi}{6}\right) + \tan\left(\frac{\pi}{6}\right) \right| - \ln\left| \sec(0) + \tan(0) \right| \end{align*}

代入特殊三角函數值(secπ6=23\sec\frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}tanπ6=13\tan\frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}sec0=1\sec 0 = 1tan0=0\tan 0 = 0):

011x2+3dx=ln23+13ln1+0=ln330=ln3=ln(312)=12ln3\begin{align*} \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 + 3}} \,\mathrm{d}x =&\, \ln\left| \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \right| - \ln|1 + 0| \\[4mm] =&\, \ln\left| \frac{3}{\sqrt{3}} \right| - 0 \\[4mm] =&\, \ln\left| \sqrt{3} \right| = \ln\left( 3^{\frac{1}{2}} \right) \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{1}{2}\ln 3 \end{align*}

結論: 定積分值為 12ln3\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}\ln 3