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111 學年度台綜大微積分 C 第 8 題

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111學年度 · 111台綜大微積分C · 第 8 題

題目

Problem

8. Find the maximum of f(x,y,z)=2x+7y3zf(x, y, z) = 2x + 7y - 3z on the ellipsoid 2x2+7y2+3z2=62x^2 + 7y^2 + 3z^2 = 6. (10%)

解答

思路

展開
  1. 目標函數f(x,y,z)=2x+7y3zf(x,y,z) = 2x+7y-3z
  2. 限制條件2x2+7y2+3z2=62x^2+7y^2+3z^2=6
  3. 柯西不等式(Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality): 此題使用柯西不等式最為快捷且保證無誤: 將目標函數寫為: 2x+7y3z=(2x)(2)+(7y)(7)+(3z)(3)2x+7y-3z = (\sqrt{2}x)(\sqrt{2}) + (\sqrt{7}y)(\sqrt{7}) + (\sqrt{3}z)(-\sqrt{3}) 由柯西不等式: (2x2+7y2+3z2)(2+7+3)(2x+7y3z)2(2x^2+7y^2+3z^2)(2+7+3) \ge (2x+7y-3z)^2
  4. 代入約束條件並求出極大值。

答題過程

展開

將目標函數與約束項改寫,以便使用柯西不等式。 考慮向量 a=2x,7y,3z\mathbf{a} = \langle \sqrt{2}x, \sqrt{7}y, \sqrt{3}z \rangleb=2,7,3\mathbf{b} = \langle \sqrt{2}, \sqrt{7}, -\sqrt{3} \rangle

根據柯西不等式 (abab)(|\mathbf{a}| \cdot |\mathbf{b}| \ge |\mathbf{a} \cdot \mathbf{b}|)

((2x)2+(7y)2+(3z)2)((2)2+(7)2+(3)2)(2x+7y3z)2\left( (\sqrt{2}x)^2 + (\sqrt{7}y)^2 + (\sqrt{3}z)^2 \right) \left( (\sqrt{2})^2 + (\sqrt{7})^2 + (-\sqrt{3})^2 \right) \ge (2x + 7y - 3z)^2     (2x2+7y2+3z2)(2+7+3)f(x,y,z)2\implies \left( 2x^2 + 7y^2 + 3z^2 \right) \left( 2 + 7 + 3 \right) \ge f(x, y, z)^2

將橢球面的約束條件 2x2+7y2+3z2=62x^2 + 7y^2 + 3z^2 = 6 代入上式:

(6)(12)f(x,y,z)2    72f(x,y,z)2(6) \cdot (12) \ge f(x, y, z)^2 \implies 72 \ge f(x, y, z)^2     62f(x,y,z)62\implies -6\sqrt{2} \le f(x, y, z) \le 6\sqrt{2}

等號成立的條件為兩向量平行:

2x2=7y7=3z3    x=y=z\frac{\sqrt{2}x}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{7}y}{\sqrt{7}} = \frac{\sqrt{3}z}{-\sqrt{3}} \implies x = y = -z

將此關係代回約束條件 2x2+7y2+3z2=62x^2 + 7y^2 + 3z^2 = 6

2x2+7x2+3(x)2=6    12x2=6    x2=12    x=±122x^2 + 7x^2 + 3(-x)^2 = 6 \implies 12x^2 = 6 \implies x^2 = \frac{1}{2} \implies x = \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}

為取得最大值 626\sqrt{2},取 x=y=12x = y = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}z=12z = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}。 此時:

f(12,12,12)=2(12)+7(12)3(12)=122=62f\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \right) = 2\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right) + 7\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right) - 3\left(-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right) = \frac{12}{\sqrt{2}} = 6\sqrt{2}

結論: 最大值為 626\sqrt{2}