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111 學年度台綜大微積分 C 第 6 題

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111學年度 · 111台綜大微積分C · 第 6 題

題目

Problem

6. Suppose that f(π)=4f(\pi) = 4 and ∫0π[f(x)+f′′(x)]sin⁡x dx=5\int_0^\pi [f(x) + f''(x)]\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x = 5. Find f(0)f(0). (10%)

解答

思路

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  1. 將定積分拆開為兩項: ∫0πf(x)sin⁡x dx+∫0πf′′(x)sin⁡x dx=5\int_0^\pi f(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x + \int_0^\pi f''(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x = 5
  2. 對這兩項分別進行分部積分(Integration by Parts),消去積分項並保留邊界項:
    • 第一項保持不變,或對其進行分部積分。
    • 第二項 ∫0πf′′(x)sin⁡x dx\int_0^\pi f''(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x,令 u=sin⁡xu = \sin x,v′=f′′(x)  ⟹  v=f′(x)v' = f''(x) \implies v = f'(x): ∫0πf′′(x)sin⁡x dx=[f′(x)sin⁡x]0π−∫0πf′(x)cos⁡x dx\int_0^\pi f''(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x = \Big[ f'(x)\sin x \Big]_0^\pi - \int_0^\pi f'(x)\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x =0−∫0πf′(x)cos⁡x dx= 0 - \int_0^\pi f'(x)\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x
    • 再對 −∫0πf′(x)cos⁡x dx-\int_0^\pi f'(x)\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x 進行一次分部積分,令 u=cos⁡xu = \cos x,v′=f′(x)  ⟹  v=f(x)v' = f'(x) \implies v = f(x): −∫0πf′(x)cos⁡x dx=−[f(x)cos⁡x]0π+∫0πf(x)(−sin⁡x) dx-\int_0^\pi f'(x)\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x = -\Big[ f(x)\cos x \Big]_0^\pi + \int_0^\pi f(x)(-\sin x)\,\mathrm{d}x =f(π)cos⁡π−f(0)cos⁡0−∫0πf(x)sin⁡x dx= f(\pi)\cos\pi - f(0)\cos 0 - \int_0^\pi f(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x =f(π)+f(0)−∫0πf(x)sin⁡x dx= f(\pi) + f(0) - \int_0^\pi f(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x
  3. 將兩部分合併,可以看到積分項恰好消去!由此可求出 f(0)f(0)。

答題過程

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對積分式中的第二項 ∫0πf′′(x)sin⁡x dx\int_0^\pi f''(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x 使用分部積分法: 令 u=sin⁡x  ⟹  du=cos⁡x dxu = \sin x \implies \mathrm{d}u = \cos x\,\mathrm{d}x, v′=f′′(x)  ⟹  v=f′(x)v' = f''(x) \implies v = f'(x)。

∫0πf′′(x)sin⁡x dx=[f′(x)sin⁡x]0π−∫0πf′(x)cos⁡x dx\int_0^\pi f''(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x = \Big[ f'(x)\sin x \Big]_0^\pi - \int_0^\pi f'(x)\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x

由於 sin⁡π=sin⁡0=0\sin\pi = \sin 0 = 0,第一項為 0:

=−∫0πf′(x)cos⁡x dx= -\int_0^\pi f'(x)\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x

對此式再次使用分部積分法: 令 u=cos⁡x  ⟹  du=−sin⁡x dxu = \cos x \implies \mathrm{d}u = -\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x, v′=f′(x)  ⟹  v=f(x)v' = f'(x) \implies v = f(x)。

−∫0πf′(x)cos⁡x dx=−([f(x)cos⁡x]0π−∫0πf(x)(−sin⁡x) dx)-\int_0^\pi f'(x)\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x = -\left( \Big[ f(x)\cos x \Big]_0^\pi - \int_0^\pi f(x)(-\sin x)\,\mathrm{d}x \right) =−[f(x)cos⁡x]0π−∫0πf(x)sin⁡x dx= -\Big[ f(x)\cos x \Big]_0^\pi - \int_0^\pi f(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x =−(f(π)cos⁡π−f(0)cos⁡0)−∫0πf(x)sin⁡x dx= -\left( f(\pi)\cos\pi - f(0)\cos 0 \right) - \int_0^\pi f(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x =f(π)+f(0)−∫0πf(x)sin⁡x dx= f(\pi) + f(0) - \int_0^\pi f(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x

代回原定積分方程式:

∫0π[f(x)+f′′(x)]sin⁡x dx=∫0πf(x)sin⁡x dx+(f(π)+f(0)−∫0πf(x)sin⁡x dx)=5\int_0^\pi [f(x) + f''(x)]\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x = \int_0^\pi f(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x + \left( f(\pi) + f(0) - \int_0^\pi f(x)\sin x\,\mathrm{d}x \right) = 5   ⟹  f(π)+f(0)=5\implies f(\pi) + f(0) = 5

已知 f(π)=4f(\pi) = 4:

4+f(0)=5  ⟹  f(0)=14 + f(0) = 5 \implies f(0) = 1

結論: f(0)=1f(0) = 1。