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111 學年度台綜大微積分 C 第 3 題

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111學年度 · 111台綜大微積分C · 第 3 題

題目

Problem

3. Let f(x)=13x3+x+1f(x) = \frac{1}{3}x^3 + x + 1 and g=f1g = f^{-1} be the inverse function of ff. A curve CC satisfies the equation 2x2y+xy2=82x^2 y + xy^2 = 8. Find a point (a,b)(a, b) such that

(i) (a,b)(a, b) is in the first quadrant,

(ii) (a,b)(a, b) is on the graph of gg, and

(iii) the tangent line to the graph of gg at (a,b)(a, b) is perpendicular to the tangent line to the curve CC at (1,2)(1, 2). (10%)

解答

思路

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  1. 求曲線 CC(1,2)(1,2) 處的切線斜率 mCm_C: 利用隱函數求導法求 2x2y+xy2=82x^2y+xy^2=8 的導函數 dydx\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x},代入 (1,2)(1,2)mC=2m_C = -2
  2. 利用垂直關係求 g(a)g'(a): 因為 gg(a,b)(a,b) 的切線垂直於 CC(1,2)(1,2) 的切線,故斜率乘積為 1-1g(a)(2)=1    g(a)=12g'(a) \cdot (-2) = -1 \implies g'(a) = \frac{1}{2}
  3. 利用反函數關係求 bb: 因為 (a,b)(a,b)gg 的圖形上     b=g(a)    a=f(b)\implies b = g(a) \implies a = f(b)。 根據反函數導數公式: g(a)=1f(b)=12    f(b)=2g'(a) = \frac{1}{f'(b)} = \frac{1}{2} \implies f'(b) = 2f(x)=13x3+x+1    f(x)=x2+1f(x) = \frac{1}{3}x^3+x+1 \implies f'(x) = x^2+1,解出 b2+1=2b^2+1=2
  4. 篩選第一象限點: 由 b>0b>0 可得 b=1b=1,代回 a=f(1)a = f(1) 即可。

答題過程

展開

第一步:求曲線 CC(1,2)(1, 2) 處的切線斜率

曲線方程式為:

Φ(x,y)=2x2y+xy28=0\Phi(x, y) = 2x^2 y + xy^2 - 8 = 0

計算偏導:

Φx=4xy+y2,Φy=2x2+2xy\Phi_x = 4xy + y^2, \quad \Phi_y = 2x^2 + 2xy

代入點 (1,2)(1, 2)

Φx(1,2)=4(1)(2)+22=12\Phi_x(1, 2) = 4(1)(2) + 2^2 = 12 Φy(1,2)=2(1)2+2(1)(2)=6\Phi_y(1, 2) = 2(1)^2 + 2(1)(2) = 6

故曲線 CC(1,2)(1,2) 處的切線斜率 mCm_C 為:

mC=Φx(1,2)Φy(1,2)=126=2m_C = -\frac{\Phi_x(1, 2)}{\Phi_y(1, 2)} = -\frac{12}{6} = -2

第二步:利用垂直關係求 g(a)g'(a)

gg(a,b)(a,b) 的切線斜率為 mg=g(a)m_g = g'(a)。 因為兩切線垂直,故斜率乘積為 1-1

g(a)(2)=1    g(a)=12g'(a) \cdot (-2) = -1 \implies g'(a) = \frac{1}{2}

第三步:求點 (a,b)(a, b)

因為點 (a,b)(a, b) 在反函數 g=f1g = f^{-1} 上,故有關係:

b=g(a)    a=f(b)b = g(a) \implies a = f(b)

根據反函數導數定理:

g(a)=1f(b)    1f(b)=12    f(b)=2g'(a) = \frac{1}{f'(b)} \implies \frac{1}{f'(b)} = \frac{1}{2} \implies f'(b) = 2

f(x)=13x3+x+1f(x) = \frac{1}{3}x^3 + x + 1 求導:

f(x)=x2+1f'(x) = x^2 + 1

故有:

b2+1=2    b2=1    b=1 或 1b^2 + 1 = 2 \implies b^2 = 1 \implies b = 1 \text{ 或 } -1

由於點 (a,b)(a, b) 位於第一象限(條件 i),故 b>0    b=1b > 0 \implies b = 1

代回 a=f(b)a = f(b)

a=f(1)=13(1)3+1+1=73a = f(1) = \frac{1}{3}(1)^3 + 1 + 1 = \frac{7}{3}

結論: 所求之點 (a,b)=(73,1)(a, b) = \displaystyle \left( \frac{7}{3}, 1 \right)