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111 學年度台綜大微積分 B 第 6 題

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111學年度 · 111台綜大微積分B · 第 6 題

題目

Problem

6. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of y2(x2+y2)=x2y^2(x^2 + y^2) = x^2 at the point (22,22)\left( \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \right). (10%)

解答

思路

展開
  1. 給定隱函數曲線 y2(x2+y2)=x2y^2(x^2+y^2) = x^2,此曲線常被寫成 y4+x2y2x2=0y^4 + x^2 y^2 - x^2 = 0
  2. 目標是求在點 P(22,22)P\left( \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \right) 處的切線斜率,即 dydxP\left. \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} \right|_P
  3. 隱函數求導法: 定義 Φ(x,y)=y4+x2y2x2=0\Phi(x, y) = y^4 + x^2 y^2 - x^2 = 0,則: dydx=ΦxΦy\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -\frac{\Phi_x}{\Phi_y}
  4. 計算偏導數並代入給定點的值。

答題過程

展開

將隱函數曲線方程展開並移項整理,定義 Φ(x,y)\Phi(x, y)

Φ(x,y)=y4+x2y2x2=0\Phi(x, y) = y^4 + x^2 y^2 - x^2 = 0

計算關於 xxyy 的偏導數:

Φx=x(y4+x2y2x2)=2xy22x\Phi_x = \frac{\partial}{\partial x} (y^4 + x^2 y^2 - x^2) = 2xy^2 - 2x Φy=y(y4+x2y2x2)=4y3+2x2y\Phi_y = \frac{\partial}{\partial y} (y^4 + x^2 y^2 - x^2) = 4y^3 + 2x^2 y

將點 P(22,22)=(12,12)P\left( \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \right) = \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \right) 代入偏導數:

Φx(12,12)=2(12)(12)2(12)=1222=12\Phi_x\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \right) = 2\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) - 2\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} - \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} Φy(12,12)=4(122)+2(12)(12)=22+12=32\Phi_y\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \right) = 4\left(\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\right) + 2\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right) = \frac{2}{\sqrt{2}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{3}{\sqrt{2}}

利用隱函數微分公式求切線斜率:

dydx=ΦxΦy=1232=13\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = -\frac{\Phi_x}{\Phi_y} = -\frac{-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}{\frac{3}{\sqrt{2}}} = \frac{1}{3}

結論: 切線斜率為 13\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}