題目
Problem
2.
(1) Let f ( x ) = sec 2 x f(x) = \sec^2 x f ( x ) = sec 2 x on ( 0 , π 2 ) \left(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right) ( 0 , 2 π ) and f − 1 f^{-1} f − 1 be the inverse function of f f f . Find ( f − 1 ) ′ ( 4 ) = _______ \left(f^{-1}\right)'(4) = \text{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_} ( f − 1 ) ′ ( 4 ) = _______ . (5%)
(2) Let f = f ( x , y ) f = f(x, y) f = f ( x , y ) be a differentiable function of x x x and y y y , and let x = r s x = rs x = r s , y = r + s y = r+s y = r + s and h ( r , s ) = f ( x , y ) = f ( r s , r + s ) h(r, s) = f(x, y) = f(rs, r+s) h ( r , s ) = f ( x , y ) = f ( r s , r + s ) . Assume ∂ f ∂ x ( 1 , 2 ) = 2 \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(1, 2) = 2 ∂ x ∂ f ( 1 , 2 ) = 2 , ∂ f ∂ y ( 1 , 2 ) = 1 \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}(1, 2) = 1 ∂ y ∂ f ( 1 , 2 ) = 1 . Find ∂ h ∂ s ( 1 , 1 ) = _______ \frac{\partial h}{\partial s}(1, 1) = \text{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_} ∂ s ∂ h ( 1 , 1 ) = _______ . (5%)
解答
思路
展開
(1) 第一小題
設 y = f ( x ) = 4 ⟹ sec 2 x = 4 y = f(x) = 4 \implies \sec^2 x = 4 y = f ( x ) = 4 ⟹ sec 2 x = 4 。因為 x ∈ ( 0 , π 2 ) x \in \left(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right) x ∈ ( 0 , 2 π ) ,可解得 sec x = 2 ⟹ cos x = 1 2 ⟹ x = π 3 \sec x = 2 \implies \cos x = \frac{1}{2} \implies x = \frac{\pi}{3} sec x = 2 ⟹ cos x = 2 1 ⟹ x = 3 π 。
反函數導數公式為:
( f − 1 ) ′ ( 4 ) = 1 f ′ ( π 3 ) \left(f^{-1}\right)'(4) = \frac{1}{f'\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right)} ( f − 1 ) ′ ( 4 ) = f ′ ( 3 π ) 1
計算一階導函數 f ′ ( x ) = 2 sec 2 x tan x f'(x) = 2\sec^2 x \tan x f ′ ( x ) = 2 sec 2 x tan x ,代入 x = π 3 x = \frac{\pi}{3} x = 3 π 即可。
(2) 第二小題
當 ( r , s ) = ( 1 , 1 ) (r, s) = (1, 1) ( r , s ) = ( 1 , 1 ) 時,對應的自變數為 x = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 x = 1 \cdot 1 = 1 x = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 ,y = 1 + 1 = 2 y = 1 + 1 = 2 y = 1 + 1 = 2 。這對應已知條件中的點 ( 1 , 2 ) (1, 2) ( 1 , 2 ) 。
利用偏微的鏈鎖律公式:
∂ h ∂ s = ∂ f ∂ x ∂ x ∂ s + ∂ f ∂ y ∂ y ∂ s \frac{\partial h}{\partial s} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\frac{\partial x}{\partial s} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\frac{\partial y}{\partial s} ∂ s ∂ h = ∂ x ∂ f ∂ s ∂ x + ∂ y ∂ f ∂ s ∂ y
其中 ∂ x ∂ s = r \frac{\partial x}{\partial s} = r ∂ s ∂ x = r ,∂ y ∂ s = 1 \frac{\partial y}{\partial s} = 1 ∂ s ∂ y = 1 。代入計算即可。
答題過程
展開
(1) 第一小題
設 y = f ( x ) = sec 2 x = 4 y = f(x) = \sec^2 x = 4 y = f ( x ) = sec 2 x = 4 。在區間 ( 0 , π 2 ) \left(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right) ( 0 , 2 π ) 內:
sec x = 2 ⟹ cos x = 1 2 ⟹ x = π 3 \sec x = 2 \implies \cos x = \frac{1}{2} \implies x = \frac{\pi}{3} sec x = 2 ⟹ cos x = 2 1 ⟹ x = 3 π
計算導函數 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f ′ ( x ) :
f ′ ( x ) = 2 sec x ⋅ ( sec x tan x ) = 2 sec 2 x tan x f'(x) = 2\sec x \cdot (\sec x \tan x) = 2\sec^2 x \tan x f ′ ( x ) = 2 sec x ⋅ ( sec x tan x ) = 2 sec 2 x tan x
代入 x = π 3 x = \frac{\pi}{3} x = 3 π :
f ′ ( π 3 ) = 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ tan ( π 3 ) = 8 3 f'\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right) = 2 \cdot 4 \cdot \tan\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right) = 8\sqrt{3} f ′ ( 3 π ) = 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ tan ( 3 π ) = 8 3
由反函數導數定理:
( f − 1 ) ′ ( 4 ) = 1 f ′ ( π 3 ) = 1 8 3 = 3 24 \left(f^{-1}\right)'(4) = \frac{1}{f'\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right)} = \frac{1}{8\sqrt{3}} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{24} ( f − 1 ) ′ ( 4 ) = f ′ ( 3 π ) 1 = 8 3 1 = 24 3
(2) 第二小題
由題意,當 ( r , s ) = ( 1 , 1 ) (r, s) = (1, 1) ( r , s ) = ( 1 , 1 ) 時:
x = r s = 1 , y = r + s = 2 x = rs = 1, \quad y = r + s = 2 x = r s = 1 , y = r + s = 2
根據鏈鎖律:
∂ h ∂ s = ∂ f ∂ x ∂ x ∂ s + ∂ f ∂ y ∂ y ∂ s \frac{\partial h}{\partial s} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \frac{\partial x}{\partial s} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \frac{\partial y}{\partial s} ∂ s ∂ h = ∂ x ∂ f ∂ s ∂ x + ∂ y ∂ f ∂ s ∂ y
其中:
∂ x ∂ s = r , ∂ y ∂ s = 1 \frac{\partial x}{\partial s} = r, \quad \frac{\partial y}{\partial s} = 1 ∂ s ∂ x = r , ∂ s ∂ y = 1
代回原偏導數值與 ( r , s ) = ( 1 , 1 ) (r,s)=(1,1) ( r , s ) = ( 1 , 1 ) :
∂ h ∂ s ( 1 , 1 ) = ∂ f ∂ x ( 1 , 2 ) ⋅ r + ∂ f ∂ y ( 1 , 2 ) ⋅ 1 \frac{\partial h}{\partial s}(1, 1) = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(1, 2) \cdot r + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}(1, 2) \cdot 1 ∂ s ∂ h ( 1 , 1 ) = ∂ x ∂ f ( 1 , 2 ) ⋅ r + ∂ y ∂ f ( 1 , 2 ) ⋅ 1
= 2 ⋅ 1 + 1 ⋅ 1 = 3 = 2 \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 1 = 3 = 2 ⋅ 1 + 1 ⋅ 1 = 3
結論:
(1) ( f − 1 ) ′ ( 4 ) = 3 24 \left(f^{-1}\right)'(4) = \displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{24} ( f − 1 ) ′ ( 4 ) = 24 3 。
(2) ∂ h ∂ s ( 1 , 1 ) = 3 \frac{\partial h}{\partial s}(1, 1) = 3 ∂ s ∂ h ( 1 , 1 ) = 3 。