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111 學年度台綜大微積分 A 第 2 題

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111學年度 · 111台綜大微積分A · 第 2 題

題目

Problem

2.

(1) Let f(x)=sec⁡2xf(x) = \sec^2 x on (0,π2)\left(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right) and f−1f^{-1} be the inverse function of ff. Find (f−1)′(4)=_______\left(f^{-1}\right)'(4) = \text{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}. (5%)

(2) Let f=f(x,y)f = f(x, y) be a differentiable function of xx and yy, and let x=rsx = rs, y=r+sy = r+s and h(r,s)=f(x,y)=f(rs,r+s)h(r, s) = f(x, y) = f(rs, r+s). Assume ∂f∂x(1,2)=2\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(1, 2) = 2, ∂f∂y(1,2)=1\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}(1, 2) = 1. Find ∂h∂s(1,1)=_______\frac{\partial h}{\partial s}(1, 1) = \text{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}. (5%)

解答

思路

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(1) 第一小題

  1. 設 y=f(x)=4  ⟹  sec⁡2x=4y = f(x) = 4 \implies \sec^2 x = 4。因為 x∈(0,π2)x \in \left(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right),可解得 sec⁡x=2  ⟹  cos⁡x=12  ⟹  x=π3\sec x = 2 \implies \cos x = \frac{1}{2} \implies x = \frac{\pi}{3}。
  2. 反函數導數公式為: (f−1)′(4)=1f′(π3)\left(f^{-1}\right)'(4) = \frac{1}{f'\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right)}
  3. 計算一階導函數 f′(x)=2sec⁡2xtan⁡xf'(x) = 2\sec^2 x \tan x,代入 x=π3x = \frac{\pi}{3} 即可。

(2) 第二小題

  1. 當 (r,s)=(1,1)(r, s) = (1, 1) 時,對應的自變數為 x=1⋅1=1x = 1 \cdot 1 = 1,y=1+1=2y = 1 + 1 = 2。這對應已知條件中的點 (1,2)(1, 2)。
  2. 利用偏微的鏈鎖律公式: ∂h∂s=∂f∂x∂x∂s+∂f∂y∂y∂s\frac{\partial h}{\partial s} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\frac{\partial x}{\partial s} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\frac{\partial y}{\partial s} 其中 ∂x∂s=r\frac{\partial x}{\partial s} = r,∂y∂s=1\frac{\partial y}{\partial s} = 1。代入計算即可。

答題過程

展開

(1) 第一小題

設 y=f(x)=sec⁡2x=4y = f(x) = \sec^2 x = 4。在區間 (0,π2)\left(0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right) 內:

sec⁡x=2  ⟹  cos⁡x=12  ⟹  x=π3\sec x = 2 \implies \cos x = \frac{1}{2} \implies x = \frac{\pi}{3}

計算導函數 f′(x)f'(x):

f′(x)=2sec⁡x⋅(sec⁡xtan⁡x)=2sec⁡2xtan⁡xf'(x) = 2\sec x \cdot (\sec x \tan x) = 2\sec^2 x \tan x

代入 x=π3x = \frac{\pi}{3}:

f′(π3)=2⋅4⋅tan⁡(π3)=83f'\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right) = 2 \cdot 4 \cdot \tan\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right) = 8\sqrt{3}

由反函數導數定理:

(f−1)′(4)=1f′(π3)=183=324\left(f^{-1}\right)'(4) = \frac{1}{f'\left(\frac{\pi}{3}\right)} = \frac{1}{8\sqrt{3}} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{24}

(2) 第二小題

由題意,當 (r,s)=(1,1)(r, s) = (1, 1) 時:

x=rs=1,y=r+s=2x = rs = 1, \quad y = r + s = 2

根據鏈鎖律:

∂h∂s=∂f∂x∂x∂s+∂f∂y∂y∂s\frac{\partial h}{\partial s} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \frac{\partial x}{\partial s} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \frac{\partial y}{\partial s}

其中:

∂x∂s=r,∂y∂s=1\frac{\partial x}{\partial s} = r, \quad \frac{\partial y}{\partial s} = 1

代回原偏導數值與 (r,s)=(1,1)(r,s)=(1,1):

∂h∂s(1,1)=∂f∂x(1,2)⋅r+∂f∂y(1,2)⋅1\frac{\partial h}{\partial s}(1, 1) = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(1, 2) \cdot r + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}(1, 2) \cdot 1 =2⋅1+1⋅1=3= 2 \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 1 = 3

結論: (1) (f−1)′(4)=324\left(f^{-1}\right)'(4) = \displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{24}。 (2) ∂h∂s(1,1)=3\frac{\partial h}{\partial s}(1, 1) = 3。