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113 台大微積分(B) 第 7 題

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113學年度 · 113微積分(B) · 第 7 題

題目

Problem

3. 續題:

∫01x2(x2+1)2 dx=(7)‾ .\int_{0}^{1} \frac{x^2}{(x^2 + 1)^2} \,\mathrm{d}x = \underline{\quad(7)\quad} \,.

解答

解法一:利用分部積分法(常規解法)

思路

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  1. 本題要求計算定積分 ∫01x2(x2+1)2 dx\int_0^1 \frac{x^2}{(x^2+1)^2} \,\mathrm{d}x。
  2. 被積函數的分母含有 (x2+1)2(x^2+1)^2。這提示我們可以使用分部積分法 (Integration by Parts):
    • 拆分函數:將 x2x^2 拆出一個 xx,即: ∫x⋅x(x2+1)2 dx\int x \cdot \frac{x}{(x^2+1)^2} \,\mathrm{d}x
    • 令 u=x  ⟹  du=dxu = x \implies \mathrm{d}u = \mathrm{d}x。
    • 令 dv=x(x2+1)2 dx  ⟹  v=−12(x2+1)\mathrm{d}v = \frac{x}{(x^2+1)^2} \,\mathrm{d}x \implies v = -\frac{1}{2(x^2+1)}(因為 ddx(x2+1)−1=−2x(x2+1)−2\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(x^2+1)^{-1} = -2x(x^2+1)^{-2})。
  3. 第一步:套用分部積分公式: ∫x2(x2+1)2 dx=−x2(x2+1)−∫(−12(x2+1))dx\int \frac{x^2}{(x^2+1)^2} \,\mathrm{d}x = -\frac{x}{2(x^2+1)} - \int \left( -\frac{1}{2(x^2+1)} \right) \mathrm{d}x =−x2(x2+1)+12∫1x2+1 dx=−x2(x2+1)+12tan⁡−1x+C= -\frac{x}{2(x^2+1)} + \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{x^2+1} \,\mathrm{d}x = -\frac{x}{2(x^2+1)} + \frac{1}{2}\tan^{-1} x + C
  4. 第二步:代入定積分邊界 [0,1][0, 1] 求解。

答題過程

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我們首先處理不定積分。我們使用分部積分法,令:

u=x  ⟹  du=dxu = x \implies \mathrm{d}u = \mathrm{d}x dv=x(x2+1)2 dx  ⟹  v=−12(x2+1)\mathrm{d}v = \frac{x}{(x^2+1)^2} \,\mathrm{d}x \implies v = -\frac{1}{2(x^2+1)}

根據分部積分公式 ∫u dv=uv−∫v du\int u \,\mathrm{d}v = uv - \int v \,\mathrm{d}u:

∫x2(x2+1)2 dx= x(−12(x2+1))−∫(−12(x2+1))dx= −x2(x2+1)+12∫1x2+1 dx= −x2(x2+1)+12tan⁡−1x+C\begin{align*} \int \frac{x^2}{(x^2+1)^2} \,\mathrm{d}x =&\, x \left( -\frac{1}{2(x^2+1)} \right) - \int \left( -\frac{1}{2(x^2+1)} \right) \mathrm{d}x \\[4mm] =&\, -\frac{x}{2(x^2+1)} + \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{x^2+1} \,\mathrm{d}x \\[4mm] =&\, -\frac{x}{2(x^2+1)} + \frac{1}{2} \tan^{-1} x + C \end{align*}

現在代入定積分的上限 11 與下限 00:

∫01x2(x2+1)2 dx= [−x2(x2+1)+12tan⁡−1x]01= (−12(12+1)+12tan⁡−1(1))−(0+12tan⁡−1(0))= (−14+12(π4))−0= −14+π8=π−28\begin{align*} \int_{0}^{1} \frac{x^2}{(x^2+1)^2} \,\mathrm{d}x =&\, \left[ -\frac{x}{2(x^2+1)} + \frac{1}{2}\tan^{-1} x \right]_{0}^{1} \\[4mm] =&\, \left( -\frac{1}{2(1^2+1)} + \frac{1}{2}\tan^{-1}(1) \right) - \left( 0 + \frac{1}{2}\tan^{-1}(0) \right) \\[4mm] =&\, \left( -\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) \right) - 0 \\[4mm] =&\, -\frac{1}{4} + \frac{\pi}{8} = \frac{\pi - 2}{8} \end{align*}

解法二:利用三角代換法(另解)

思路

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  1. 令 x=tan⁡θ  ⟹  dx=sec⁡2θ dθx = \tan\theta \implies \mathrm{d}x = \sec^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta。
  2. 更改上限:當 x=0  ⟹  θ=0x=0 \implies \theta=0;當 x=1  ⟹  θ=π/4x=1 \implies \theta=\pi/4。
  3. 代入積分式: ∫0π/4tan⁡2θ(tan⁡2θ+1)2sec⁡2θ dθ=∫0π/4tan⁡2θsec⁡4θsec⁡2θ dθ=∫0π/4tan⁡2θsec⁡2θ dθ\int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{\tan^2\theta}{(\tan^2\theta+1)^2} \sec^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta = \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{\tan^2\theta}{\sec^4\theta} \sec^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta = \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{\tan^2\theta}{\sec^2\theta} \,\mathrm{d}\theta =∫0π/4sin⁡2θ dθ=∫0π/41−cos⁡2θ2 dθ= \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \sin^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta = \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{1-\cos 2\theta}{2} \,\mathrm{d}\theta
  4. 計算此定積分即可。

答題過程

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我們令:

x=tan⁡θ  ⟹  dx=sec⁡2θ dθx = \tan\theta \implies \mathrm{d}x = \sec^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta

更換積分界限:

  • 當 x=0x = 0 時, θ=0\theta = 0。
  • 當 x=1x = 1 時, θ=π4\theta = \frac{\pi}{4}。

代入積分式:

∫01x2(x2+1)2 dx= ∫0π4tan⁡2θ(tan⁡2θ+1)2sec⁡2θ dθ= ∫0π4tan⁡2θsec⁡4θsec⁡2θ dθ= ∫0π4tan⁡2θsec⁡2θ dθ= ∫0π4sin⁡2θ dθ= ∫0π4(1−cos⁡2θ2)dtheta= 12[θ−12sin⁡2θ]0π4= 12(π4−12sin⁡(π2)−0)= 12(π4−12(1))=π−28\begin{align*} \int_{0}^{1} \frac{x^2}{(x^2+1)^2} \,\mathrm{d}x =&\, \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \frac{\tan^2\theta}{\left(\tan^2\theta+1\right)^2} \sec^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta \\[4mm] =&\, \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \frac{\tan^2\theta}{\sec^4\theta} \sec^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta \\[4mm] =&\, \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \frac{\tan^2\theta}{\sec^2\theta} \,\mathrm{d}\theta \\[4mm] =&\, \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \sin^2\theta \,\mathrm{d}\theta \\[4mm] =&\, \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \left( \frac{1 - \cos 2\theta}{2} \right) \mathrm{d}theta \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{1}{2} \left[ \theta - \frac{1}{2}\sin 2\theta \right]_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{1}{2}\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) - 0 \right) \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{1}{2}(1) \right) = \frac{\pi - 2}{8} \end{align*}

結論: (7) 填入 π−28\displaystyle \frac{\pi - 2}{8}。