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113 政大微積分 Part A 第 1 題

考題 / 轉學考微積分 / 政大 / 微積分

113學年度 · 113微積分 · 第 1 題

題目

Problem

Question 1: [5pts] Evaluate

02dx(x2+4)2\int_{0}^{2} \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{(x^2 + 4)^2}

by making the substitution x=2tanux = 2 \tan u.

解答

解法一

思路

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  1. 本題要求計算一個定積分,題目已指定使用三角代換法(Trigonometric Substitution),令 x=2tanux = 2\tan u
  2. 第一步:微分與代換
    • x=2tanu    dx=2sec2udux = 2\tan u \implies \mathrm{d}x = 2\sec^2 u \,\mathrm{d}u
    • 分母項: x2+4=4tan2u+4=4(tan2u+1)=4sec2ux^2 + 4 = 4\tan^2 u + 4 = 4(\tan^2 u + 1) = 4\sec^2 u
    • 因此, (x2+4)2=(4sec2u)2=16sec4u(x^2+4)^2 = (4\sec^2 u)^2 = 16\sec^4 u
  3. 第二步:更換積分上下限
    • 當下限 x=0x = 0 時: 2tanu=0    tanu=0    u=02\tan u = 0 \implies \tan u = 0 \implies u = 0
    • 當上限 x=2x = 2 時: 2tanu=2    tanu=1    u=π42\tan u = 2 \implies \tan u = 1 \implies u = \frac{\pi}{4}
  4. 第三步:代入並化簡被積式0π/42sec2u16sec4udu=0π/418sec2udu=180π/4cos2udu\int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{2\sec^2 u}{16\sec^4 u} \,\mathrm{d}u = \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \frac{1}{8\sec^2 u} \,\mathrm{d}u = \frac{1}{8} \int_{0}^{\pi/4} \cos^2 u \,\mathrm{d}u
  5. 第四步:利用倍角公式降次求值
    • cos2u=1+cos2u2\cos^2 u = \frac{1+\cos 2u}{2}
    • 進行單變數定積分計算。

答題過程

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我們根據題目提示使用三角代換法,令:

x=2tanu    dx=2sec2udux = 2\tan u \implies \mathrm{d}x = 2\sec^2 u \,\mathrm{d}u

將積分界限從 xx 轉換為 uu

  • x=0x = 0 時, 2tanu=0    u=02\tan u = 0 \implies u = 0
  • x=2x = 2 時, 2tanu=2    tanu=1    u=π42\tan u = 2 \implies \tan u = 1 \implies u = \frac{\pi}{4}

xx 的表達式與微分微元代入原積分式:

02dx(x2+4)2=0π42sec2u(4tan2u+4)2du=0π42sec2u[4(tan2u+1)]2du=0π42sec2u(4sec2u)2du(利用 tan2u+1=sec2u)=0π42sec2u16sec4udu=180π41sec2udu=180π4cos2udu\begin{align*} \int_{0}^{2} \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{(x^2 + 4)^2} =&\, \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \frac{2\sec^2 u}{\left( 4\tan^2 u + 4 \right)^2} \,\mathrm{d}u \\[4mm] =&\, \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \frac{2\sec^2 u}{\left[ 4(\tan^2 u + 1) \right]^2} \,\mathrm{d}u \\[4mm] =&\, \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \frac{2\sec^2 u}{\left( 4\sec^2 u \right)^2} \,\mathrm{d}u \quad \Big( \text{利用 } \tan^2 u + 1 = \sec^2 u \Big) \\[4mm] =&\, \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \frac{2\sec^2 u}{16\sec^4 u} \,\mathrm{d}u \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{1}{8} \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \frac{1}{\sec^2 u} \,\mathrm{d}u \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{1}{8} \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cos^2 u \,\mathrm{d}u \end{align*}

利用餘弦的二倍角降次公式 cos2u=1+cos2u2\cos^2 u = \frac{1 + \cos 2u}{2}

180π4cos2udu=180π4(1+cos2u2)du=1160π4(1+cos2u)du=116[u+12sin2u]0π4=116((π4+12sin(2π4))(0+12sin(0)))=116(π4+12sin(π2))=116(π4+12(1))=π64+132=π+264\begin{align*} \frac{1}{8} \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \cos^2 u \,\mathrm{d}u =&\, \frac{1}{8} \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \left( \frac{1 + \cos 2u}{2} \right) \mathrm{d}u \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{1}{16} \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} (1 + \cos 2u) \,\mathrm{d}u \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{1}{16} \left[ u + \frac{1}{2}\sin 2u \right]_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{1}{16} \left( \left( \frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{1}{2}\sin\left(2 \cdot \frac{\pi}{4}\right) \right) - \left( 0 + \frac{1}{2}\sin(0) \right) \right) \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{1}{16} \left( \frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{1}{2}\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) \right) \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{1}{16} \left( \frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{1}{2}(1) \right) \\[4mm] =&\, \frac{\pi}{64} + \frac{1}{32} = \frac{\pi + 2}{64} \end{align*}

結論: 積分值為 π+264\displaystyle \frac{\pi + 2}{64}