題目
Problem
B.
Short questions, you just need to give the final answer in each part. (24%)
(1) lim x → ∞ ( 1 + 2 x ) 5 x = ( a ) ‾ \displaystyle \lim_{x \to \infty} \left( 1 + \frac{2}{x} \right)^{5x} = \underline{\quad (a) \quad} x → ∞ lim ( 1 + x 2 ) 5 x = ( a ) . (3%)
(2) f ( x ) = x ln x , x > 0 f(x) = x \ln x, \ x > 0 f ( x ) = x ln x , x > 0 . Find minimum value of f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) . ( b ) ‾ \underline{\quad (b) \quad} ( b ) . (3%)
(3) f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) is differentiable and x f ( x ) + f ( x 2 ) = 2 x f(x) + f(x^2) = 2 x f ( x ) + f ( x 2 ) = 2 for x > 0 x > 0 x > 0 . Find f ′ ( 1 ) f'(1) f ′ ( 1 ) . ( c ) ‾ \underline{\quad (c) \quad} ( c ) . (3%)
(4) Find lim x → ∞ ( x 2 + 1 x + 2 ) 1 / x = ( d ) ‾ \displaystyle \lim_{x \to \infty} \left( \frac{x^2 + 1}{x + 2} \right)^{1/x} = \underline{\quad (d) \quad} x → ∞ lim ( x + 2 x 2 + 1 ) 1/ x = ( d ) . (3%)
(5) f ( x ) = x + x cos x sin x cos x f(x) = \frac{x + x \cos x}{\sin x \cos x} f ( x ) = s i n x c o s x x + x c o s x . Find lim x → 0 f ( x ) = ( e ) ‾ \displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} f(x) = \underline{\quad (e) \quad} x → 0 lim f ( x ) = ( e ) . (6%)
(6) f ( x ) = x + sin x + 2 x x + sin x f(x) = \frac{x + \sin x + 2\sqrt{x}}{x + \sin x} f ( x ) = x + s i n x x + s i n x + 2 x . Find lim x → ∞ f ( x ) = ( f ) ‾ \displaystyle \lim_{x \to \infty} f(x) = \underline{\quad (f) \quad} x → ∞ lim f ( x ) = ( f ) . (6%)
解答
(1) 求解 (a)
過程
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我們利用極限的重要公式 lim u → ∞ ( 1 + k u ) u = e k \lim_{u\to\infty} \left( 1 + \frac{k}{u} \right)^u = e^k lim u → ∞ ( 1 + u k ) u = e k :
lim x → ∞ ( 1 + 2 x ) 5 x = lim x → ∞ [ ( 1 + 2 x ) x ] 5 = ( e 2 ) 5 = e 10 \lim_{x \to \infty} \left( 1 + \frac{2}{x} \right)^{5x} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \left[ \left( 1 + \frac{2}{x} \right)^x \right]^5 = \left( e^2 \right)^5 = e^{10} x → ∞ lim ( 1 + x 2 ) 5 x = x → ∞ lim [ ( 1 + x 2 ) x ] 5 = ( e 2 ) 5 = e 10
結果:
(a) 處應填入 e 10 e^{10} e 10 。
(2) 求解 (b)
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對函數 f ( x ) = x ln x f(x) = x \ln x f ( x ) = x ln x 求一階導函數:
f ′ ( x ) = 1 ⋅ ln x + x ⋅ 1 x = ln x + 1 f'(x) = 1 \cdot \ln x + x \cdot \frac{1}{x} = \ln x + 1 f ′ ( x ) = 1 ⋅ ln x + x ⋅ x 1 = ln x + 1
令一階導數為零以尋找臨界點:
ln x + 1 = 0 ⟹ ln x = − 1 ⟹ x = e − 1 = 1 e \ln x + 1 = 0 \implies \ln x = -1 \implies x = e^{-1} = \frac{1}{e} ln x + 1 = 0 ⟹ ln x = − 1 ⟹ x = e − 1 = e 1
我們分析 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f ′ ( x ) 在臨界點兩側的符號變化:
當 0 < x < e − 1 0 < x < e^{-1} 0 < x < e − 1 時, ln x < − 1 ⟹ f ′ ( x ) < 0 \ln x < -1 \implies f'(x) < 0 ln x < − 1 ⟹ f ′ ( x ) < 0 (函數遞減)。
當 x > e − 1 x > e^{-1} x > e − 1 時, ln x > − 1 ⟹ f ′ ( x ) > 0 \ln x > -1 \implies f'(x) > 0 ln x > − 1 ⟹ f ′ ( x ) > 0 (函數遞增)。
因此,函數在 x = e − 1 x = e^{-1} x = e − 1 處取得絕對最小值:
f ( e − 1 ) = e − 1 ln ( e − 1 ) = 1 e ⋅ ( − 1 ) = − 1 e f\left(e^{-1}\right) = e^{-1} \ln\left(e^{-1}\right) = \frac{1}{e} \cdot (-1) = -\frac{1}{e} f ( e − 1 ) = e − 1 ln ( e − 1 ) = e 1 ⋅ ( − 1 ) = − e 1
結果:
(b) 處應填入 − 1 e -\displaystyle \frac{1}{e} − e 1 。
(3) 求解 (c)
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已知 x f ( x ) + f ( x 2 ) = 2 x f(x) + f(x^2) = 2 x f ( x ) + f ( x 2 ) = 2 恆成立。
第一步:代入 x = 1 x = 1 x = 1 以求得 f ( 1 ) f(1) f ( 1 ) 的值 :
1 ⋅ f ( 1 ) + f ( 1 2 ) = 2 ⟹ 2 f ( 1 ) = 2 ⟹ f ( 1 ) = 1 1 \cdot f(1) + f(1^2) = 2 \implies 2f(1) = 2 \implies f(1) = 1 1 ⋅ f ( 1 ) + f ( 1 2 ) = 2 ⟹ 2 f ( 1 ) = 2 ⟹ f ( 1 ) = 1
第二步:對恆等式兩側關於 x x x 進行求導 (利用乘積法則與連鎖律):
d d x [ x f ( x ) + f ( x 2 ) ] = d d x ( 2 ) \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x} \left[ x f(x) + f(x^2) \right] = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(2) d x d [ x f ( x ) + f ( x 2 ) ] = d x d ( 2 )
1 ⋅ f ( x ) + x f ′ ( x ) + f ′ ( x 2 ) ⋅ ( 2 x ) = 0 1 \cdot f(x) + x f'(x) + f'(x^2) \cdot (2x) = 0 1 ⋅ f ( x ) + x f ′ ( x ) + f ′ ( x 2 ) ⋅ ( 2 x ) = 0
第三步:將 x = 1 x = 1 x = 1 與 f ( 1 ) = 1 f(1) = 1 f ( 1 ) = 1 代入求導後的式子 :
f ( 1 ) + 1 ⋅ f ′ ( 1 ) + 2 ( 1 ) ⋅ f ′ ( 1 2 ) = 0 f(1) + 1 \cdot f'(1) + 2(1) \cdot f'(1^2) = 0 f ( 1 ) + 1 ⋅ f ′ ( 1 ) + 2 ( 1 ) ⋅ f ′ ( 1 2 ) = 0
1 + f ′ ( 1 ) + 2 f ′ ( 1 ) = 0 ⟹ 1 + 3 f ′ ( 1 ) = 0 ⟹ f ′ ( 1 ) = − 1 3 1 + f'(1) + 2f'(1) = 0 \implies 1 + 3f'(1) = 0 \implies f'(1) = -\frac{1}{3} 1 + f ′ ( 1 ) + 2 f ′ ( 1 ) = 0 ⟹ 1 + 3 f ′ ( 1 ) = 0 ⟹ f ′ ( 1 ) = − 3 1
結果:
(c) 處應填入 − 1 3 -\displaystyle \frac{1}{3} − 3 1 。
(4) 求解 (d)
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原極限為 y = ( x 2 + 1 x + 2 ) 1 / x y = \left( \frac{x^2 + 1}{x + 2} \right)^{1/x} y = ( x + 2 x 2 + 1 ) 1/ x 。對其取自然對數以化去指數:
ln y = 1 x ln ( x 2 + 1 x + 2 ) = ln ( x 2 + 1 ) − ln ( x + 2 ) x \ln y = \frac{1}{x} \ln \left( \frac{x^2 + 1}{x + 2} \right) = \frac{\ln(x^2 + 1) - \ln(x + 2)}{x} ln y = x 1 ln ( x + 2 x 2 + 1 ) = x ln ( x 2 + 1 ) − ln ( x + 2 )
當 x → ∞ x \to \infty x → ∞ 時,此為 ∞ ∞ \frac{\infty}{\infty} ∞ ∞ 型未定式。我們使用羅必達法則:
lim x → ∞ ln y = lim x → ∞ d d x [ ln ( x 2 + 1 ) − ln ( x + 2 ) ] d d x ( x ) = lim x → ∞ 2 x x 2 + 1 − 1 x + 2 1 = 0 − 0 = 0 \begin{align*}
\lim_{x \to \infty} \ln y =&\, \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\left[ \ln(x^2 + 1) - \ln(x + 2) \right]}{\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}(x)} \\[4mm]
=&\, \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac{2x}{x^2 + 1} - \frac{1}{x + 2}}{1} = 0 - 0 = 0
\end{align*} x → ∞ lim ln y = = x → ∞ lim d x d ( x ) d x d [ ln ( x 2 + 1 ) − ln ( x + 2 ) ] x → ∞ lim 1 x 2 + 1 2 x − x + 2 1 = 0 − 0 = 0
由於 lim x → ∞ ln y = 0 \lim_{x\to\infty} \ln y = 0 lim x → ∞ ln y = 0 ,故極限值為:
lim x → ∞ y = e 0 = 1 \lim_{x \to \infty} y = e^0 = 1 x → ∞ lim y = e 0 = 1
結果:
(d) 處應填入 1 1 1 。
(5) 求解 (e)
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我們對極限式進行整理與變形:
lim x → 0 x + x cos x sin x cos x = lim x → 0 ( x ( 1 + cos x ) sin x cos x ) = lim x → 0 [ ( x sin x ) ⋅ 1 + cos x cos x ] \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x + x\cos x}{\sin x \cos x} = \lim_{x \to 0} \left( \frac{x(1 + \cos x)}{\sin x \cos x} \right) = \lim_{x \to 0} \left[ \left( \frac{x}{\sin x} \right) \cdot \frac{1 + \cos x}{\cos x} \right] x → 0 lim sin x cos x x + x cos x = x → 0 lim ( sin x cos x x ( 1 + cos x ) ) = x → 0 lim [ ( sin x x ) ⋅ cos x 1 + cos x ]
我們分別求各部分的極限:
lim x → 0 x sin x = 1 \displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x}{\sin x} = 1 x → 0 lim sin x x = 1
lim x → 0 1 + cos x cos x = 1 + cos ( 0 ) cos ( 0 ) = 1 + 1 1 = 2 \displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1 + \cos x}{\cos x} = \frac{1 + \cos(0)}{\cos(0)} = \frac{1 + 1}{1} = 2 x → 0 lim cos x 1 + cos x = cos ( 0 ) 1 + cos ( 0 ) = 1 1 + 1 = 2
因此:
lim x → 0 f ( x ) = 1 ⋅ 2 = 2 \lim_{x \to 0} f(x) = 1 \cdot 2 = 2 x → 0 lim f ( x ) = 1 ⋅ 2 = 2
結果:
(e) 處應填入 2 2 2 。
(6) 求解 (f)
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我們將分子分母同除以 x x x :
lim x → ∞ x + sin x + 2 x x + sin x = lim x → ∞ 1 + sin x x + 2 x 1 + sin x x \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{x + \sin x + 2\sqrt{x}}{x + \sin x} = \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1 + \frac{\sin x}{x} + \frac{2}{\sqrt{x}}}{1 + \frac{\sin x}{x}} x → ∞ lim x + sin x x + sin x + 2 x = x → ∞ lim 1 + x s i n x 1 + x s i n x + x 2
我們評估無窮遠處的各極限項:
根據夾擠定理,因為 − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ⟹ − 1 x ≤ sin x x ≤ 1 x -1 \le \sin x \le 1 \implies -\frac{1}{x} \le \frac{\sin x}{x} \le \frac{1}{x} − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ⟹ − x 1 ≤ x s i n x ≤ x 1 ,當 x → ∞ x \to \infty x → ∞ 時,有 lim x → ∞ sin x x = 0 \displaystyle \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 0 x → ∞ lim x sin x = 0 。
lim x → ∞ 2 x = 0 \displaystyle \lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{2}{\sqrt{x}} = 0 x → ∞ lim x 2 = 0 。
代回極限式:
1 + 0 + 0 1 + 0 = 1 \frac{1 + 0 + 0}{1 + 0} = 1 1 + 0 1 + 0 + 0 = 1
結果:
(f) 處應填入 1 1 1 。