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112 政治大學微積分(應數大二一) 第 4 題

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112學年度 · 112微積分應數大二一 · 第 4 題

題目

Problem

4. Let F(x,y,z)F(x, y, z) be a smooth function of three variables for which ∇F(1,−1,2)=i+2j−2k\nabla F(1, -1, \sqrt{2}) = \mathbf{i} + 2\mathbf{j} - 2\mathbf{k}. Evaluate ∂F∂ϕ\displaystyle \frac{\partial F}{\partial \phi} at the point whose spherical coordinates are (ρ,θ,ϕ)=(2,−π/4,π/4)(\rho, \theta, \phi) = (2, -\pi/4, \pi/4). (10%)

解答

解法一:利用標準球面坐標系與多變數連鎖律

思路

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  1. 已知三變數函數 F(x,y,z)F(x,y,z) 於點 (1,−1,2)(1, -1, \sqrt{2}) 的梯度為 ∇F=⟨1,2,−2⟩\nabla F = \langle 1, 2, -2 \rangle。
  2. 給定某點的球面座標 (ρ,θ,ϕ)=(2,−π/4,π/4)(\rho, \theta, \phi) = (2, -\pi/4, \pi/4),要求在該點對 ϕ\phi 的偏導數 ∂F∂ϕ\frac{\partial F}{\partial \phi}。
  3. 第一步:建立標準球面座標與直角座標的映射關係:
    • x=ρsin⁡ϕcos⁡θx = \rho \sin\phi \cos\theta
    • y=ρsin⁡ϕsin⁡θy = \rho \sin\phi \sin\theta
    • z=ρcos⁡ϕz = \rho \cos\phi
  4. 第二步:將給定的球面座標值帶入,求得直角座標點:
    • x=2sin⁡(π/4)cos⁡(−π/4)=2(12)(12)=1x = 2 \sin(\pi/4) \cos(-\pi/4) = 2 \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right) = 1。
    • y=2sin⁡(π/4)sin⁡(−π/4)=2(12)(−12)=−1y = 2 \sin(\pi/4) \sin(-\pi/4) = 2 \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\left(-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right) = -1。
    • z=2cos⁡(π/4)=2(12)=2z = 2 \cos(\pi/4) = 2 \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right) = \sqrt{2}。
    • 直角座標點為 (1,−1,2)(1, -1, \sqrt{2})。這與題目給出梯度的位置完全吻合!
  5. 第三步:利用多變數連鎖律 (Chain Rule) 求偏導: ∂F∂ϕ=∂F∂x∂x∂ϕ+∂F∂y∂y∂ϕ+∂F∂z∂z∂ϕ=∇F⋅∂r∂ϕ\frac{\partial F}{\partial \phi} = \frac{\partial F}{\partial x}\frac{\partial x}{\partial \phi} + \frac{\partial F}{\partial y}\frac{\partial y}{\partial \phi} + \frac{\partial F}{\partial z}\frac{\partial z}{\partial \phi} = \nabla F \cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \phi} 其中 ∂r∂ϕ=⟨ρcos⁡ϕcos⁡θ,ρcos⁡ϕsin⁡θ,−ρsin⁡ϕ⟩\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \phi} = \langle \rho \cos\phi \cos\theta, \rho \cos\phi \sin\theta, -\rho \sin\phi \rangle。
  6. 第四步:帶入數值計算點積。

答題過程

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我們採用標準的球面坐標系(其中 θ\theta 為方位角, ϕ\phi 為天頂角):

{x=ρsin⁡ϕcos⁡θy=ρsin⁡ϕsin⁡θz=ρcos⁡ϕ\begin{cases} x = \rho \sin\phi \cos\theta \\[2mm] y = \rho \sin\phi \sin\theta \\[2mm] z = \rho \cos\phi \end{cases}

我們將給定的球面坐標點 (ρ,θ,ϕ)=(2,−π4,π4)(\rho, \theta, \phi) = \left(2, -\frac{\pi}{4}, \frac{\pi}{4}\right) 代入直角坐標關係式:

x=2sin⁡(π4)cos⁡(−π4)=2⋅22⋅22=1x = 2 \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) \cos\left(-\frac{\pi}{4}\right) = 2 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} = 1 y=2sin⁡(π4)sin⁡(−π4)=2⋅22⋅(−22)=−1y = 2 \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) \sin\left(-\frac{\pi}{4}\right) = 2 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot \left(-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right) = -1 z=2cos⁡(π4)=2⋅22=2z = 2 \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) = 2 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} = \sqrt{2}

對應的直角坐標點確實為 (1,−1,2)(1, -1, \sqrt{2})。


根據多變數函數連鎖律, ∂F∂ϕ\displaystyle \frac{\partial F}{\partial \phi} 可以用梯度點積的形式表達:

∂F∂ϕ=∇F(x,y,z)⋅∂r∂ϕ=⟨∂F∂x,∂F∂y,∂F∂z⟩⋅⟨∂x∂ϕ,∂y∂ϕ,∂z∂ϕ⟩\frac{\partial F}{\partial \phi} = \nabla F(x,y,z) \cdot \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \phi} = \left\langle \frac{\partial F}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial F}{\partial y}, \frac{\partial F}{\partial z} \right\rangle \cdot \left\langle \frac{\partial x}{\partial \phi}, \frac{\partial y}{\partial \phi}, \frac{\partial z}{\partial \phi} \right\rangle

我們對坐標關係式關於 ϕ\phi 求偏導函數:

  • ∂x∂ϕ=ρcos⁡ϕcos⁡θ\displaystyle \frac{\partial x}{\partial \phi} = \rho \cos\phi \cos\theta
  • ∂y∂ϕ=ρcos⁡ϕsin⁡θ\displaystyle \frac{\partial y}{\partial \phi} = \rho \cos\phi \sin\theta
  • ∂z∂ϕ=−ρsin⁡ϕ\displaystyle \frac{\partial z}{\partial \phi} = -\rho \sin\phi

將點 (ρ,θ,ϕ)=(2,−π4,π4)(\rho, \theta, \phi) = \left(2, -\frac{\pi}{4}, \frac{\pi}{4}\right) 代入偏導項:

  • ∂x∂ϕ=2cos⁡(π4)cos⁡(−π4)=2⋅22⋅22=1\displaystyle \frac{\partial x}{\partial \phi} = 2 \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) \cos\left(-\frac{\pi}{4}\right) = 2 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} = 1
  • ∂y∂ϕ=2cos⁡(π4)sin⁡(−π4)=2⋅22⋅(−22)=−1\displaystyle \frac{\partial y}{\partial \phi} = 2 \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) \sin\left(-\frac{\pi}{4}\right) = 2 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot \left(-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right) = -1
  • ∂z∂ϕ=−2sin⁡(π4)=−2⋅22=−2\displaystyle \frac{\partial z}{\partial \phi} = -2 \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) = -2 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} = -\sqrt{2}

得到向量 ∂r∂ϕ=⟨1,−1,−2⟩\displaystyle \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \phi} = \langle 1, -1, -\sqrt{2} \rangle。


已知該點的梯度為 ∇F(1,−1,2)=⟨1,2,−2⟩\nabla F(1, -1, \sqrt{2}) = \langle 1, 2, -2 \rangle。我們計算點積:

∂F∂ϕ= ⟨1,2,−2⟩⋅⟨1,−1,−2⟩= 1(1)+2(−1)+(−2)(−2)= 1−2+22=22−1\begin{align*} \frac{\partial F}{\partial \phi} =&\, \langle 1, 2, -2 \rangle \cdot \langle 1, -1, -\sqrt{2} \rangle \\[2mm] =&\, 1(1) + 2(-1) + (-2)(-\sqrt{2}) \\[2mm] =&\, 1 - 2 + 2\sqrt{2} = 2\sqrt{2} - 1 \end{align*}

結論: ∂F∂ϕ=22−1\displaystyle \frac{\partial F}{\partial \phi} = 2\sqrt{2} - 1。