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111 台灣大學微積分(C) 第 3 題

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111學年度 · 111台大微積分C · 第 3 題

題目

Problem

3. Consider the curve given by the equation x3+y=9xy3x^3 + y = 9x \sqrt[3]{y}. (10%)

Find an equation of the tangent line at the point (4,8)(4, 8). (5)\underline{\quad (5) \quad}

Find d2ydx2\frac{\mathrm{d}^2 y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} at the point (4,8)(4, 8). (6)\underline{\quad (6) \quad}

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展開
  1. 曲線方程式中含分數次方 y3\sqrt[3]{y},為簡化求導計算,令 u=y1/3    y=u3u = y^{1/3} \implies y = u^3
  2. 曲線轉化為笛卡爾葉形線形式: x3+u3=9xux^3 + u^3 = 9xu
  3. 已知點為 (x,y)=(4,8)    (x,u)=(4,2)(x,y) = (4,8) \implies (x,u) = (4,2)
  4. 使用隱函數微分求 dudx\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x},再由連鎖律得到 dydx=3u2dudx\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 3u^2 \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x}
  5. 利用點斜式求出切線方程。

答題過程

展開

u=y1/3    y=u3u = y^{1/3} \implies y = u^3,原方程式寫為:

x3+u3=9xux^3 + u^3 = 9xu

此時已知點對應 (x,u)=(4,2)(x, u) = (4, 2)

對方程式關於 xx 隱微分:

3x2+3u2dudx=9u+9xdudx    (u23x)dudx=3ux2    dudx=3ux2u23x3x^2 + 3u^2 \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} = 9u + 9x \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} \implies \left( u^2 - 3x \right) \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} = 3u - x^2 \implies \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} = \frac{3u - x^2}{u^2 - 3x}

(x,u)=(4,2)(x, u) = (4, 2) 代入:

dudx=3(2)16412=108=54\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} = \frac{3(2) - 16}{4 - 12} = \frac{-10}{-8} = \frac{5}{4}

由連鎖律:

dydx=d(u3)dx=3u2dudx\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \frac{\mathrm{d}(u^3)}{\mathrm{d}x} = 3u^2 \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x}

代入 u=2,dudx=54u=2, \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} = \frac{5}{4}

m=dydx(4,8)=3(22)(54)=15m = \left. \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} \right|_{(4,8)} = 3(2^2) \cdot \left(\frac{5}{4}\right) = 15

切線斜率為 1515,通過點 (4,8)(4,8)

y8=15(x4)    y=15x52y - 8 = 15(x-4) \implies y = 15x - 52

故 (5) 處應填入 y=15x52\displaystyle\boxed{y = 15x - 52}


(b)

解法一

思路

展開
  1. y=3u2uy' = 3u^2 u' 再次求導: y=6u(u)2+3u2uy'' = 6u(u')^2 + 3u^2 u''
  2. 我們需要求出 u=d2udx2u'' = \frac{\mathrm{d}^2 u}{\mathrm{d}x^2}
  3. u=3ux2u23xu' = \frac{3u-x^2}{u^2-3x} 使用商法則求導,並代入已知數值: x=4,u=2,u=5/4x=4, u=2, u'=5/4
  4. 計算出 uu'' 後代回 yy'' 公式。

答題過程

展開

由一階導數公式:

dydx=3u2dudx\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = 3u^2 \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x}

再次對 xx 求導:

d2ydx2=ddx(3u2dudx)=6u(dudx)2+3u2d2udx2\frac{\mathrm{d}^2 y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x} \left( 3u^2 \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} \right) = 6u \left(\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x}\right)^2 + 3u^2 \frac{\mathrm{d}^2 u}{\mathrm{d}x^2}

現在求 d2udx2\dfrac{\mathrm{d}^2 u}{\mathrm{d}x^2}。已知:

dudx=3ux2u23x\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} = \frac{3u - x^2}{u^2 - 3x}

使用商法則求導:

d2udx2=(3dudx2x)(u23x)(3ux2)(2ududx3)(u23x)2\frac{\mathrm{d}^2 u}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = \frac{\left( 3\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} - 2x \right)(u^2-3x) - (3u-x^2)\left( 2u\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} - 3 \right)}{(u^2-3x)^2}

x=4,u=2,dudx=54x=4, u=2, \dfrac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}x} = \dfrac{5}{4} 代入上式:

  • 分子

    [3(54)8](412)(616)[2(2)(54)3]=(174)(8)+20=34+20=54\left[ 3\left(\frac{5}{4}\right) - 8 \right](4-12) - (6-16)\left[ 2(2)\left(\frac{5}{4}\right) - 3 \right] = \left( -\frac{17}{4} \right)(-8) + 20 = 34 + 20 = 54
  • 分母

    (412)2=64(4-12)^2 = 64

故:

d2udx2=5464=2732\frac{\mathrm{d}^2 u}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = \frac{54}{64} = \frac{27}{32}

代回 d2ydx2\dfrac{\mathrm{d}^2 y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} 公式:

d2ydx2(4,8)=6(2)(54)2+3(22)(2732)=12(2516)+12(2732)=754+818=2318\left. \frac{\mathrm{d}^2 y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} \right|_{(4,8)} = 6(2)\left(\frac{5}{4}\right)^2 + 3(2^2)\left(\frac{27}{32}\right) = 12 \left( \frac{25}{16} \right) + 12 \left( \frac{27}{32} \right) = \frac{75}{4} + \frac{81}{8} = \boxed{\frac{231}{8}}

故 (6) 處應填入 2318\displaystyle\boxed{\frac{231}{8}}