題目
Problem
9. (a) The work done by the force field F ( x , y ) = ( 1 + x 3 ) i + ( x y ) j \mathbf{F}(x, y) = (\sqrt{1+x^3})\mathbf{i} + (xy)\mathbf{j} F ( x , y ) = ( 1 + x 3 ) i + ( x y ) j in moving a particle along a triangular path with vertices ( 0 , 0 ) (0, 0) ( 0 , 0 ) , ( 1 , 0 ) (1, 0) ( 1 , 0 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) (2, 2) ( 2 , 2 ) counter-clockwise is \underline{\quad (14) \quad} ,.
(b) Let S S S be part of the cone z = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 z = \sqrt{2x^2+2y^2} z = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 that lies below the plane x + z = 1 x+z=1 x + z = 1 . Then ∬ S x d S = ( 15 ) ‾ . \displaystyle\iint_S x\,\mathrm{d}S = \underline{\quad (15) \quad} \,. ∬ S x d S = ( 15 ) .
(c) Let D D D be a closed surface in R 3 \mathbb{R}^3 R 3 , oriented outward. The maximum flux of the vector field
F ( x , y , z ) = ( x + 2 x 3 z ) i − y ( x 2 + z 2 ) j − ( 3 x 2 z 2 + 4 y 2 z ) k \mathbf{F}(x, y, z) = (x+2x^3z)\mathbf{i} - y(x^2+z^2)\mathbf{j} - (3x^2z^2+4y^2z)\mathbf{k} F ( x , y , z ) = ( x + 2 x 3 z ) i − y ( x 2 + z 2 ) j − ( 3 x 2 z 2 + 4 y 2 z ) k
among all possible choices of D D D is \underline{\quad (16) \quad} ,.
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展開
封閉圍道積分最適合使用格林定理 (Green’s Theorem) :
W = ∮ C P d x + Q d y = ∬ T ( ∂ Q ∂ x − ∂ P ∂ y ) d A W = \oint_C P\,\mathrm{d}x + Q\,\mathrm{d}y = \iint_T \left( \frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial P}{\partial y} \right) \mathrm{d}A W = ∮ C P d x + Q d y = ∬ T ( ∂ x ∂ Q − ∂ y ∂ P ) d A
對 F = ⟨ 1 + x 3 , x y ⟩ \mathbf{F} = \langle \sqrt{1+x^3}, xy \rangle F = ⟨ 1 + x 3 , x y ⟩ 求偏導: ∂ Q ∂ x = y \frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} = y ∂ x ∂ Q = y , ∂ P ∂ y = 0 \frac{\partial P}{\partial y} = 0 ∂ y ∂ P = 0 。
描繪三角形 T T T 的邊界線,將二重積分轉化為逐次積分計算。
答題過程
展開
由格林定理:
W = ∬ T ( ∂ ( x y ) ∂ x − ∂ ( 1 + x 3 ) ∂ y ) d A = ∬ T y d A W = \iint_T \left( \frac{\partial(xy)}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial(\sqrt{1+x^3})}{\partial y} \right) \mathrm{d}A = \iint_T y\,\mathrm{d}A W = ∬ T ( ∂ x ∂ ( x y ) − ∂ y ∂ ( 1 + x 3 ) ) d A = ∬ T y d A
三角形 T T T 的頂點為 ( 0 , 0 ) , ( 1 , 0 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) (0,0), (1,0), (2,2) ( 0 , 0 ) , ( 1 , 0 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) :
下邊界為 y = 0 y=0 y = 0 。
左上邊界為連接 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) ( 0 , 0 ) 與 ( 2 , 2 ) (2,2) ( 2 , 2 ) 的直線: y = x ⟹ x = y y = x \implies x = y y = x ⟹ x = y 。
右下邊界為連接 ( 1 , 0 ) (1,0) ( 1 , 0 ) 與 ( 2 , 2 ) (2,2) ( 2 , 2 ) 的直線:斜率為 2 2 2 ,方程式為 y = 2 ( x − 1 ) ⟹ x = y 2 + 1 y = 2(x-1) \implies x = \frac{y}{2} + 1 y = 2 ( x − 1 ) ⟹ x = 2 y + 1 。
對區域沿 x x x 軸方向切片(先對 x x x 積分), y y y 範圍自 0 0 0 至 2 2 2 :
W = ∫ 0 2 y ( ∫ y y 2 + 1 1 d x ) d y = ∫ 0 2 y ( y 2 + 1 − y ) d y = ∫ 0 2 ( y − y 2 2 ) d y = [ y 2 2 − y 3 6 ] 0 2 = 2 − 8 6 = 2 3 W = \int_0^2 y \left( \int_y^{\frac{y}{2}+1} 1\,\mathrm{d}x \right) \mathrm{d}y = \int_0^2 y \left( \frac{y}{2} + 1 - y \right) \mathrm{d}y = \int_0^2 \left( y - \frac{y^2}{2} \right) \mathrm{d}y = \left[ \frac{y^2}{2} - \frac{y^3}{6} \right]_0^2 = 2 - \frac{8}{6} = \boxed{\frac{2}{3}} W = ∫ 0 2 y ( ∫ y 2 y + 1 1 d x ) d y = ∫ 0 2 y ( 2 y + 1 − y ) d y = ∫ 0 2 ( y − 2 y 2 ) d y = [ 2 y 2 − 6 y 3 ] 0 2 = 2 − 6 8 = 3 2
(b)
解法一
思路
展開
將錐面投影至 x y xy x y 平面:
交線為 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 = 1 − x ⟹ ( x + 1 ) 2 + 2 y 2 = 2 \sqrt{2x^2+2y^2} = 1-x \implies (x+1)^2 + 2y^2 = 2 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 = 1 − x ⟹ ( x + 1 ) 2 + 2 y 2 = 2 ,此為一個橢圓。
面積微元 d S = 1 + z x 2 + z y 2 d x d y \mathrm{d}S = \sqrt{1 + z_x^2 + z_y^2}\,\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y d S = 1 + z x 2 + z y 2 d x d y 。對於錐面可算得常數 3 d x d y \sqrt{3}\,\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y 3 d x d y 。
利用橢圓的平移極座標變換: x = 2 r cos θ − 1 , y = r sin θ x = \sqrt{2}r\cos\theta - 1, y = r\sin\theta x = 2 r cos θ − 1 , y = r sin θ ,雅可比行列式 J = 2 r J = \sqrt{2}r J = 2 r 。
計算積分。
答題過程
展開
第一步:求投影區域 R x y R_{xy} R x y
錐面 z = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 z = \sqrt{2x^2+2y^2} z = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 與平面 x + z = 1 ⟹ z = 1 − x x+z=1 \implies z = 1-x x + z = 1 ⟹ z = 1 − x (限制 x ≤ 1 x \le 1 x ≤ 1 )交線在 x y xy x y 平面的投影為:
2 x 2 + 2 y 2 = 1 − x ⟹ 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 = ( 1 − x ) 2 = x 2 − 2 x + 1 \sqrt{2x^2+2y^2} = 1-x \implies 2x^2+2y^2 = (1-x)^2 = x^2-2x+1 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 = 1 − x ⟹ 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 = ( 1 − x ) 2 = x 2 − 2 x + 1
⟹ x 2 + 2 x + 2 y 2 = 1 ⟹ ( x + 1 ) 2 + 2 y 2 = 2 ⟹ ( x + 1 ) 2 2 + y 2 = 1 \implies x^2 + 2x + 2y^2 = 1 \implies (x+1)^2 + 2y^2 = 2 \implies \frac{(x+1)^2}{2} + y^2 = 1 ⟹ x 2 + 2 x + 2 y 2 = 1 ⟹ ( x + 1 ) 2 + 2 y 2 = 2 ⟹ 2 ( x + 1 ) 2 + y 2 = 1
投影區域為橢圓板 R x y = { ( x , y ) : ( x + 1 ) 2 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 } R_{xy} = \left\{ (x,y) : \frac{(x+1)^2}{2} + y^2 \le 1 \right\} R x y = { ( x , y ) : 2 ( x + 1 ) 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 } 。
第二步:求面積微元 d S \mathrm{d}S d S
z x = 2 x 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 , z y = 2 y 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 z_x = \frac{2x}{\sqrt{2x^2+2y^2}}, \quad z_y = \frac{2y}{\sqrt{2x^2+2y^2}} z x = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 2 x , z y = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 2 y
1 + z x 2 + z y 2 = 1 + 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 = 1 + 2 = 3 ⟹ d S = 3 d x d y 1 + z_x^2 + z_y^2 = 1 + \frac{4x^2+4y^2}{2x^2+2y^2} = 1 + 2 = 3 \implies \mathrm{d}S = \sqrt{3}\,\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y 1 + z x 2 + z y 2 = 1 + 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 1 + 2 = 3 ⟹ d S = 3 d x d y
第三步:進行橢圓座標變換
令:
x = 2 r cos θ − 1 , y = r sin θ x = \sqrt{2}r\cos\theta - 1, \quad y = r\sin\theta x = 2 r cos θ − 1 , y = r sin θ
則變換的雅可比行列式(Jacobian)為 J = 2 r J = \sqrt{2}r J = 2 r 。新變數區間為 0 ≤ r ≤ 1 0 \le r \le 1 0 ≤ r ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 π 0 \le \theta \le 2\pi 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 π 。
第四步:計算積分
∬ S x d S = ∬ R x y x 3 d x d y = ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 1 ( 2 r cos θ − 1 ) 3 ( 2 r d r d θ ) = 6 ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 1 ( 2 r 2 cos θ − r ) d r d θ \iint_S x\,\mathrm{d}S = \iint_{R_{xy}} x \sqrt{3}\,\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y = \int_0^{2\pi} \int_0^1 (\sqrt{2}r\cos\theta - 1)\sqrt{3} (\sqrt{2}r\,\mathrm{d}r\mathrm{d}\theta) = \sqrt{6} \int_0^{2\pi} \int_0^1 (\sqrt{2}r^2\cos\theta - r)\,\mathrm{d}r\mathrm{d}\theta ∬ S x d S = ∬ R x y x 3 d x d y = ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 1 ( 2 r cos θ − 1 ) 3 ( 2 r d r d θ ) = 6 ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 1 ( 2 r 2 cos θ − r ) d r d θ
= 6 [ 2 ( ∫ 0 2 π cos θ d θ ) ( ∫ 0 1 r 2 d r ) − ( ∫ 0 2 π 1 d θ ) ( ∫ 0 1 r d r ) ] = \sqrt{6} \left[ \sqrt{2}\left(\int_0^{2\pi}\cos\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta\right)\left(\int_0^1 r^2\,\mathrm{d}r\right) - \left( \int_0^{2\pi}1\,\mathrm{d}\theta \right)\left( \int_0^1 r\,\mathrm{d}r \right) \right] = 6 [ 2 ( ∫ 0 2 π cos θ d θ ) ( ∫ 0 1 r 2 d r ) − ( ∫ 0 2 π 1 d θ ) ( ∫ 0 1 r d r ) ]
由於 ∫ 0 2 π cos θ d θ = 0 \displaystyle\int_0^{2\pi}\cos\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta = 0 ∫ 0 2 π cos θ d θ = 0 :
= 6 [ 0 − ( 2 π ) ( 1 2 ) ] = − 6 π = \sqrt{6} \left[ 0 - (2\pi)\left( \frac{1}{2} \right) \right] = \boxed{-\sqrt{6}\pi} = 6 [ 0 − ( 2 π ) ( 2 1 ) ] = − 6 π
(c)
解法一
思路
展開
由高斯散度定理(Divergence Theorem),通量為:
∬ D F ⋅ d S = ∭ V ( ∇ ⋅ F ) d V \iint_D \mathbf{F} \cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{S} = \iiint_V (\nabla \cdot \mathbf{F}) \,\mathrm{d}V ∬ D F ⋅ d S = ∭ V ( ∇ ⋅ F ) d V
首先求出散度 ∇ ⋅ F = 1 − x 2 − 4 y 2 − z 2 \nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} = 1 - x^2 - 4y^2 - z^2 ∇ ⋅ F = 1 − x 2 − 4 y 2 − z 2 。
為使積分值最大,積分區域 V V V 必須恰好是散度非負的區域:即 1 − x 2 − 4 y 2 − z 2 ≥ 0 ⟹ x 2 + 4 y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1 1 - x^2 - 4y^2 - z^2 \ge 0 \implies x^2+4y^2+z^2 \le 1 1 − x 2 − 4 y 2 − z 2 ≥ 0 ⟹ x 2 + 4 y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1 。
利用橢圓體變換,將三階積分轉換為球座標求值,得出最終數值。
答題過程
展開
第一步:求散度
∇ ⋅ F = ∂ ∂ x ( x + 2 x 3 z ) + ∂ ∂ y ( − y ( x 2 + z 2 ) ) + ∂ ∂ z ( − 3 x 2 z 2 − 4 y 2 z ) = ( 1 + 6 x 2 z ) − ( x 2 + z 2 ) − ( 6 x 2 z + 4 y 2 ) = 1 − x 2 − 4 y 2 − z 2 \nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} = \frac{\partial}{\partial x}(x+2x^3z) + \frac{\partial}{\partial y}(-y(x^2+z^2)) + \frac{\partial}{\partial z}(-3x^2z^2-4y^2z) = (1 + 6x^2z) - (x^2+z^2) - (6x^2z + 4y^2) = 1 - x^2 - 4y^2 - z^2 ∇ ⋅ F = ∂ x ∂ ( x + 2 x 3 z ) + ∂ y ∂ ( − y ( x 2 + z 2 )) + ∂ z ∂ ( − 3 x 2 z 2 − 4 y 2 z ) = ( 1 + 6 x 2 z ) − ( x 2 + z 2 ) − ( 6 x 2 z + 4 y 2 ) = 1 − x 2 − 4 y 2 − z 2
第二步:最大化區域選擇
若要使三重積分 ∭ V ( 1 − x 2 − 4 y 2 − z 2 ) d V \displaystyle\iiint_V (1 - x^2 - 4y^2 - z^2)\,\mathrm{d}V ∭ V ( 1 − x 2 − 4 y 2 − z 2 ) d V 達到最大值,積分區域 V V V 的邊界表面 D D D 必須精確包圍被積函數大於等於 0 0 0 的所有點。
因此,最大化區域 V V V 滿足:
x 2 + 4 y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1 x^2 + 4y^2 + z^2 \le 1 x 2 + 4 y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1
此為一橢圓體。
第三步:計算最大通量積分值
使用變數代換將橢圓體轉為球體:
x = u , y = v 2 , z = w ⟹ J = 1 2 x = u, \quad y = \frac{v}{2}, \quad z = w \implies J = \frac{1}{2} x = u , y = 2 v , z = w ⟹ J = 2 1
新區域 U = { ( u , v , w ) : u 2 + v 2 + w 2 ≤ 1 } U = \{ (u,v,w) : u^2+v^2+w^2 \le 1 \} U = {( u , v , w ) : u 2 + v 2 + w 2 ≤ 1 } ,為一單位球體。
Max Flux = ∭ V ( 1 − x 2 − 4 y 2 − z 2 ) d V = ∭ U ( 1 − u 2 − v 2 − w 2 ) ⋅ 1 2 d u d v d w \text{Max Flux} = \iiint_V (1 - x^2 - 4y^2 - z^2)\,\mathrm{d}V = \iiint_U (1 - u^2 - v^2 - w^2) \cdot \frac{1}{2}\,\mathrm{d}u\mathrm{d}v\mathrm{d}w Max Flux = ∭ V ( 1 − x 2 − 4 y 2 − z 2 ) d V = ∭ U ( 1 − u 2 − v 2 − w 2 ) ⋅ 2 1 d u d v d w
轉化為球座標(ρ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] , ϕ ∈ [ 0 , π ] , θ ∈ [ 0 , 2 π ] \rho \in [0, 1], \phi \in [0, \pi], \theta \in [0, 2\pi] ρ ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] , ϕ ∈ [ 0 , π ] , θ ∈ [ 0 , 2 π ] ):
Max Flux = 1 2 ∫ 0 2 π d θ ∫ 0 π sin ϕ d ϕ ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − ρ 2 ) ρ 2 d ρ = 1 2 ⋅ ( 2 π ) ⋅ ( 2 ) ⋅ [ ρ 3 3 − ρ 5 5 ] 0 1 = 2 π ⋅ ( 1 3 − 1 5 ) = 2 π ⋅ 2 15 = 4 π 15 \begin{align*}
\text{Max Flux} =&\, \frac{1}{2} \int_0^{2\pi} \mathrm{d}\theta \int_0^\pi \sin\phi\,\mathrm{d}\phi \int_0^1 (1-\rho^2)\rho^2\,\mathrm{d}\rho \\[4mm]
=&\, \frac{1}{2} \cdot (2\pi) \cdot (2) \cdot \left[ \frac{\rho^3}{3} - \frac{\rho^5}{5} \right]_0^1 \\[4mm]
=&\, 2\pi \cdot \left( \frac{1}{3} - \frac{1}{5} \right) = 2\pi \cdot \frac{2}{15} = \boxed{\frac{4\pi}{15}}
\end{align*} Max Flux = = = 2 1 ∫ 0 2 π d θ ∫ 0 π sin ϕ d ϕ ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − ρ 2 ) ρ 2 d ρ 2 1 ⋅ ( 2 π ) ⋅ ( 2 ) ⋅ [ 3 ρ 3 − 5 ρ 5 ] 0 1 2 π ⋅ ( 3 1 − 5 1 ) = 2 π ⋅ 15 2 = 15 4 π