題目
Problem
Consider the function f : R 2 → R f : \mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R} f : R 2 → R defined by
f ( x , y ) = { x sin ( y 2 ) x 2 + y 2 if ( x , y ) ≠ ( 0 , 0 ) 0 if ( x , y ) = ( 0 , 0 ) f(x, y) = \begin{cases} \frac{x\sin(y^2)}{x^2+y^2} & \text{if } (x,y) \neq (0,0) \\ 0 & \text{if } (x,y) = (0,0) \end{cases} f ( x , y ) = { x 2 + y 2 x s i n ( y 2 ) 0 if ( x , y ) = ( 0 , 0 ) if ( x , y ) = ( 0 , 0 )
(a) Is f f f continuous at ( 0 , 0 ) (0, 0) ( 0 , 0 ) ? Justify your answer. (5 points)
(b) Let u = a i + b j \mathbf{u} = a\mathbf{i} + b\mathbf{j} u = a i + b j be a unit vector. Find the directional derivative of f f f at ( 0 , 0 ) (0, 0) ( 0 , 0 ) in the direction u \mathbf{u} u . Express your answer in terms of a a a and b b b . (5 points)
(c) Find the direction(s) that f f f changes the most rapidly at ( 0 , 0 ) (0, 0) ( 0 , 0 ) . (5 points)
解答
(a)
解法一
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我們需要檢驗 lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) f ( x , y ) \lim_{(x,y)\to(0,0)} f(x,y) lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) f ( x , y ) 是否等於 f ( 0 , 0 ) = 0 f(0,0) = 0 f ( 0 , 0 ) = 0 。
藉由分子分母同除以 y 2 y^2 y 2 ,把原式拆解成與已知極限 lim u → 0 sin u u = 1 \lim_{u\to 0}\frac{\sin u}{u} = 1 lim u → 0 u s i n u = 1 相關的項。
利用夾擠定理證明剩餘部分的極限為 0 0 0 ,即可判定連續性。
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我們需要檢驗 lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) f ( x , y ) \displaystyle\lim_{(x,y)\to(0,0)} f(x,y) ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) lim f ( x , y ) 是否等於 f ( 0 , 0 ) = 0 f(0,0) = 0 f ( 0 , 0 ) = 0 。
將極限式改寫:
lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) x sin ( y 2 ) x 2 + y 2 = lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) ( x y 2 x 2 + y 2 ⋅ sin ( y 2 ) y 2 ) \lim_{(x,y)\to(0,0)} \frac{x\sin(y^2)}{x^2+y^2} = \lim_{(x,y)\to(0,0)} \left( \frac{xy^2}{x^2+y^2} \cdot \frac{\sin(y^2)}{y^2} \right) ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) lim x 2 + y 2 x sin ( y 2 ) = ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) lim ( x 2 + y 2 x y 2 ⋅ y 2 sin ( y 2 ) )
我們知道:
lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) sin ( y 2 ) y 2 = 1 \lim_{(x,y)\to(0,0)} \frac{\sin(y^2)}{y^2} = 1 ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) lim y 2 sin ( y 2 ) = 1
對於第一項,利用不等式恆等式:
0 ≤ ∣ x y 2 x 2 + y 2 ∣ = ∣ x ∣ ⋅ y 2 x 2 + y 2 ≤ ∣ x ∣ 0 \le \left| \frac{xy^2}{x^2+y^2} \right| = |x| \cdot \frac{y^2}{x^2+y^2} \le |x| 0 ≤ x 2 + y 2 x y 2 = ∣ x ∣ ⋅ x 2 + y 2 y 2 ≤ ∣ x ∣
(因為對任意 ( x , y ) ≠ ( 0 , 0 ) (x,y) \neq (0,0) ( x , y ) = ( 0 , 0 ) ,皆有 y 2 x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 \frac{y^2}{x^2+y^2} \le 1 x 2 + y 2 y 2 ≤ 1 )
由於 lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) ∣ x ∣ = 0 \displaystyle\lim_{(x,y)\to(0,0)} |x| = 0 ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) lim ∣ x ∣ = 0 ,根據夾擠定理:
lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) x y 2 x 2 + y 2 = 0 \lim_{(x,y)\to(0,0)} \frac{xy^2}{x^2+y^2} = 0 ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) lim x 2 + y 2 x y 2 = 0
因此,
lim ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) f ( x , y ) = 0 ⋅ 1 = 0 = f ( 0 , 0 ) \lim_{(x,y)\to(0,0)} f(x,y) = 0 \cdot 1 = 0 = f(0,0) ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) lim f ( x , y ) = 0 ⋅ 1 = 0 = f ( 0 , 0 )
故 f f f 在 ( 0 , 0 ) (0,0) ( 0 , 0 ) 處是連續的 。
(b)
解法一
思路
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依據方向導數的定義(注意此處 f f f 在原點並不一定可微,必須使用定義式計算):
D u f ( 0 , 0 ) = lim h → 0 f ( h a , h b ) − f ( 0 , 0 ) h D_{\mathbf{u}}f(0, 0) = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{f(ha, hb) - f(0, 0)}{h} D u f ( 0 , 0 ) = lim h → 0 h f ( ha , hb ) − f ( 0 , 0 )
將 x = h a , y = h b x=ha, y=hb x = ha , y = hb 代入 f f f 進行極限化簡,並結合單位方向向量約束 a 2 + b 2 = 1 a^2+b^2=1 a 2 + b 2 = 1 。
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依據方向導數的定義:
D u f ( 0 , 0 ) = lim h → 0 f ( h a , h b ) − f ( 0 , 0 ) h D_{\mathbf{u}}f(0, 0) = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{f(ha, hb) - f(0, 0)}{h} D u f ( 0 , 0 ) = h → 0 lim h f ( ha , hb ) − f ( 0 , 0 )
其中 u = a i + b j \mathbf{u} = a\mathbf{i} + b\mathbf{j} u = a i + b j 為單位向量,即 a 2 + b 2 = 1 a^2+b^2=1 a 2 + b 2 = 1 。
將 x = h a , y = h b x = ha, y = hb x = ha , y = hb 代入 f f f 中:
若 a = 0 a = 0 a = 0 (即方向為垂直 y y y 軸, u = ± j \mathbf{u} = \pm \mathbf{j} u = ± j ):
D u f ( 0 , 0 ) = lim h → 0 f ( 0 , ± h ) − 0 h = lim h → 0 0 − 0 h = 0 D_{\mathbf{u}}f(0,0) = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{f(0, \pm h) - 0}{h} = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{0 - 0}{h} = 0 D u f ( 0 , 0 ) = h → 0 lim h f ( 0 , ± h ) − 0 = h → 0 lim h 0 − 0 = 0
此時 a b 2 = 0 ⋅ b 2 = 0 a b^2 = 0 \cdot b^2 = 0 a b 2 = 0 ⋅ b 2 = 0 ,依然符合公式。
若 a ≠ 0 a \neq 0 a = 0 :
D u f ( 0 , 0 ) = lim h → 0 1 h ( h a sin ( h 2 b 2 ) h 2 a 2 + h 2 b 2 − 0 ) = lim h → 0 a sin ( h 2 b 2 ) h 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) D_{\mathbf{u}}f(0, 0) = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{1}{h} \left( \frac{ha\sin(h^2b^2)}{h^2a^2 + h^2b^2} - 0 \right) = \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{a\sin(h^2b^2)}{h^2(a^2+b^2)} D u f ( 0 , 0 ) = h → 0 lim h 1 ( h 2 a 2 + h 2 b 2 ha sin ( h 2 b 2 ) − 0 ) = h → 0 lim h 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) a sin ( h 2 b 2 )
因為 u \mathbf{u} u 為單位向量, a 2 + b 2 = 1 a^2+b^2=1 a 2 + b 2 = 1 :
= a lim h → 0 sin ( h 2 b 2 ) h 2 = a lim h → 0 ( sin ( h 2 b 2 ) h 2 b 2 ⋅ b 2 ) = a b 2 lim h → 0 sin ( h 2 b 2 ) h 2 b 2 = a \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sin(h^2b^2)}{h^2} = a \lim_{h\to 0} \left( \frac{\sin(h^2b^2)}{h^2b^2} \cdot b^2 \right) = ab^2 \lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sin(h^2b^2)}{h^2b^2} = a h → 0 lim h 2 sin ( h 2 b 2 ) = a h → 0 lim ( h 2 b 2 sin ( h 2 b 2 ) ⋅ b 2 ) = a b 2 h → 0 lim h 2 b 2 sin ( h 2 b 2 )
由於 lim h → 0 h 2 b 2 = 0 \displaystyle\lim_{h\to 0} h^2 b^2 = 0 h → 0 lim h 2 b 2 = 0 ,故 lim h → 0 sin ( h 2 b 2 ) h 2 b 2 = 1 \displaystyle\lim_{h\to 0} \frac{\sin(h^2b^2)}{h^2b^2} = 1 h → 0 lim h 2 b 2 sin ( h 2 b 2 ) = 1 。
所以:
D u f ( 0 , 0 ) = a b 2 D_{\mathbf{u}}f(0,0) = \boxed{ab^2} D u f ( 0 , 0 ) = a b 2
綜合以上,對任意單位方向向量 u = a i + b j \mathbf{u} = a\mathbf{i} + b\mathbf{j} u = a i + b j ,其方向導數為 a b 2 \boxed{ab^2} a b 2 。
(c)
解法一
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題意「changes the most rapidly」意指方向導數的絕對值 最大(包括最大增加率與最大減少率)。
我們需要最大化(或最小化) a b 2 ab^2 a b 2 ,約束條件為 a 2 + b 2 = 1 a^2+b^2=1 a 2 + b 2 = 1 。
利用單變數求導或拉格朗日乘子法求解,並列出所有對應方向。
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我們欲求使 ∣ a b 2 ∣ |ab^2| ∣ a b 2 ∣ 最大的單位方向向量 u = ⟨ a , b ⟩ \mathbf{u} = \langle a, b \rangle u = ⟨ a , b ⟩ (滿足 a 2 + b 2 = 1 a^2+b^2=1 a 2 + b 2 = 1 )。
由約束條件知 b 2 = 1 − a 2 b^2 = 1 - a^2 b 2 = 1 − a 2 ,代入目標函數得:
g ( a ) = a ( 1 − a 2 ) = a − a 3 , a ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ] g(a) = a(1 - a^2) = a - a^3, \quad a \in [-1, 1] g ( a ) = a ( 1 − a 2 ) = a − a 3 , a ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ]
對其求導尋找極值點:
g ′ ( a ) = 1 − 3 a 2 = 0 ⟹ a = ± 1 3 g'(a) = 1 - 3a^2 = 0 \implies a = \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} g ′ ( a ) = 1 − 3 a 2 = 0 ⟹ a = ± 3 1
此時 b 2 = 1 − a 2 = 1 − 1 3 = 2 3 ⟹ b = ± 2 3 b^2 = 1 - a^2 = 1 - \frac{1}{3} = \frac{2}{3} \implies b = \pm \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} b 2 = 1 − a 2 = 1 − 3 1 = 3 2 ⟹ b = ± 3 2 。
變化最快(增加)的方向 :當 a = 1 3 a = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} a = 3 1 且 b = ± 2 3 b = \pm \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} b = ± 3 2 時,方向導數為正的最大值:
D u f ( 0 , 0 ) max = 1 3 ( 2 3 ) = 2 3 9 D_{\mathbf{u}}f(0,0)_{\max} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \left(\frac{2}{3}\right) = \frac{2\sqrt{3}}{9} D u f ( 0 , 0 ) m a x = 3 1 ( 3 2 ) = 9 2 3
對應的方向為:
u = ( 1 3 , ± 2 3 ) \mathbf{u} = \boxed{\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \pm \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} \right)} u = ( 3 1 , ± 3 2 )
變化最快(減少)的方向 :當 a = − 1 3 a = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} a = − 3 1 且 b = ± 2 3 b = \pm \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} b = ± 3 2 時,方向導數為負的最小值(絕對值最大):
D u f ( 0 , 0 ) min = − 2 3 9 D_{\mathbf{u}}f(0,0)_{\min} = -\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{9} D u f ( 0 , 0 ) m i n = − 9 2 3
對應的方向為:
u = ( − 1 3 , ± 2 3 ) \mathbf{u} = \boxed{\left( -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \pm \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} \right)} u = ( − 3 1 , ± 3 2 )
綜合以上,變化最劇烈的四個方向向量為:
u = ( ± 1 3 , ± 2 3 ) \mathbf{u} = \boxed{\left( \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \pm \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} \right)} u = ( ± 3 1 , ± 3 2 )